In fact, some lightning can even accelerate electrons to speeds enormously close the speed of light, producing gamma rays that we usually only see in association with collapsing stars and black holes. The Stanford ELF/VLF group is actively engaged in understanding how lightning impacts out planet’s ionosphere and magnetosphere. Read more about studies of sprites and transient luminous phenomena, and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. How did ELF/VLF Research Come About? The history of ELF/VLF observation dates back to the late 1800’s, when the first telegraph lines were laid down. The first operators reported hearing bizarre sounds that they described as clicks and tweeks, particularly on a day with lightning, which we now know were probably just sferics being picked up by their telegraph line, basically acting like an antenna. Later, in World War elf slots casino sister sites I, soldiers operating communication lines reported hearing strange sounds consisting of a falling tone, sounded like someone was whistling. “You can hear the grenades falling” some used to say. Jongsuk0206 25 casino Temmuz 2022 Cevapla.
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ELF/VLF waves give us the only reliable and continuous elf slots casino sister sites means of monitoring the lower ionosphere, and thereby, inferring communications outages. For instance, we can monitor ionospheric communication outages from gamma ray bursts from outer space. Satellite protection. When satellites are launched into space, they are immediately bombarded by a population of energetic charges particles that are trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field, called the Van Allen radiation belts. Over time, these particles can degrade and destroy satellite electronics. In periods of strong solar activity, the number of energetic particles can go through the roof, and stay there for years. Odyoloji ne iş yapar.
On our planet, the most potent source of ELF/VLF waves is lightning, so a lot of what we do comes down to studying lightning and its various impacts on our Earth’s environment, detectable even in Antarctica. Why are ELF/VLF Waves Useful for Engineers and Scientists? ELF/VLF waves are useful scientifically because they largely reflect at the D region of the Earth’s ionosphere (60-90 km altitude), and are thus efficiently guided in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to global distances. For instance, if you set up a radio receiver just about anywhere on Earth, you can pick up short bits of radiation from lightning strikes literally halfway around the world. These are called radio atmospherics, or sferics. ELF/VLF waves also penetrate into seawater, which has led to their use over the past several decades for communication with submerged submarines at long distances. From a scientific perspective, though, the reflectivity of the D region at these frequencies make ELF/VLF a unique tool for remote sensing of the D region, which responds to a variety of inputs like solar activity, lightning energy, electron precipitation from the radiation belts, cosmic gamma-rays, and earthquakes.
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